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Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; , born 7 October 1952) has been the President of Russia since 7 May 2012, succeeding Dmitry Medvedev. Putin previously served as President from 2000 to 2008, and as Prime Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000 and again from 2008 to 2012. During his last term as Prime Minister, he was also the Chairman of United Russia, the ruling party. For 16 years Putin was an officer in the KGB, rising to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel before he retired to enter politics in his native Saint Petersburg in 1991. He moved to Moscow in 1996 and joined President Boris Yeltsin's administration where he rose quickly, becoming Acting President on 31 December 1999 when Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned. Putin won the subsequent 2000 presidential election, despite widespread accusations of vote-rigging, and was reelected in 2004. Because of constitutionally mandated term limits, Putin was ineligible to run for a third consecutive presidential term in 2008. Dmitry Medvedev won the 2008 presidential election and appointed Putin as Prime Minister, beginning a period of so-called "tandemocracy". In September 2011, following a change in the law extending the presidential term from four years to six,〔Vasilyeva, Natallya. ("Putin claims to support term limits as he readies to take helm for 3rd time" ), ''China Post'' (12 April 2012).〕 Putin announced that he would seek a third, non-consecutive term as President in the 2012 presidential election, an announcement which led to large-scale protests in many Russian cities. In March 2012 he won the election, which was criticized for procedural irregularities, and is serving a six-year term. During Putin's first premiership and presidency (1999–2008) real incomes in Russia rose by a factor of 2.5, while real wages more than tripled; unemployment and poverty more than halved. Russians' self-assessed life satisfaction also rose significantly. Putin's first presidency was marked by high economic growth: the Russian economy grew for eight straight years, seeing GDP increase by 72% in PPP (as for nominal GDP, 600%).〔〔〔(of Russia from 1992 to 2007 ) International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 12 May 2008〕〔〔 This growth was a combined result of the 2000s commodities boom, high oil prices, as well as prudent economic and fiscal policies.〔''Putin: Russia's Choice'', (Routledge 2007), by Richard Sakwa, Chapter 9〕〔''Fragile Empire: How Russia Fell In and Out of Love with Vladimir Putin'', Yale University Press (2013), by Ben Judah, page 17〕 As Russia's president, Putin and the Federal Assembly passed into law a flat income tax of 13%, a reduced profits tax, and new land and legal codes. As Prime Minister, Putin oversaw large-scale military and police reform. His energy policy has affirmed Russia's position as an energy superpower.〔(How Sustainable is Russia's Future as an Energy Superpower? ), by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 16 March 2006〕〔(Russia: The 21st Century's Energy Superpower? ), by Fiona Hill, The Brookings Institution, 5 October 2002〕 Putin supported high-tech industries such as the nuclear and defence industries. A rise in foreign investment〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=ПОСТУПЛЕНИЕ ИНОСТРАННЫХ ИНВЕСТИЦИЙ ПО ТИПАМ *) )〕 contributed to a boom in such sectors as the automotive industry. Many of Putin's actions are regarded by the domestic opposition and foreign observers as undemocratic. The 2011 Democracy Index stated that Russia was in "a long process of regression () culminated in a move from a hybrid to an authoritarian regime" in view of Putin's candidacy and flawed parliamentary elections.〔Democracy Index 2011, http://www.sida.se/Global/About%20Sida/Så%20arbetar%20vi/EIU_Democracy_Index_Dec2011.pdf〕 In 2014, Russia was suspended from the G8 group as a result of its annexation of Crimea.〔(U.S., other powers kick Russia out of G8 ), CNN〕 ==Ancestry, early life, and education== Putin was born on 7 October 1952, in Leningrad (modern-day Saint Petersburg), Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, to parents Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin (1911–1999) and Maria Ivanovna Putina (''née'' Shelomova; 1911–1998). His mother was a factory worker, and his father was a conscript in the Soviet Navy, where he served in the submarine fleet in the early 1930s. Early in World War II he served in the destruction battalion of the NKVD.〔(First Person An Astonishingly Frank Self-Portrait by Russia's President Vladimir Putin ) The New York Times, 2000〕〔(Putin's Obscure Path From KGB to Kremlin ) ''Los Angeles Times'', 19 March 2000〕〔(Portrait of the Young Vladimir Putin ) Newsweek and the Daily Beast, 20 February 2012〕 Later he was transferred to the regular army and was severely wounded in 1942.〔 The youngest of three boys, his two elder brothers, Viktor and Albert, were born in the mid-1930s; Albert died within a few months of birth, while Viktor succumbed to diphtheria during the siege of Leningrad in World War II. Vladimir Putin's paternal grandfather, Spiridon Ivanovich Putin (1879–1965), was a chef who at one time or another cooked for Vladimir Lenin, Lenin's wife Nadezhda Krupskaya, and on several occasions for Joseph Stalin. Putin's maternal grandmother was killed by the German occupiers of Tver region in 1941, and his maternal uncles disappeared at the war front.〔 The ancestry of Vladimir Putin has been described as a mystery with no records surviving of any ancestors of any people with the surname "Putin" beyond his grandfather Spiridon Ivanovich. His autobiography, ''Ot Pervogo Litsa'' (English: ''In the First Person''),〔 which is based on Putin's interviews, speaks of humble beginnings, including early years in a communal apartment, shared by several families, in Leningrad. Two Russian journalists speculate on a newspaper article that Putin's ancestry might be linked to Putyanin clan, "one of the oldest clans in the Russian history", based on pretended physical similarities to a 13th-century individual, lack of online sources linked to the family name Putin and the similarity of its spelling with that clan's name.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Mysterious Genealogy of Russian President Putin )〕 On 1 September 1960, he started at School No. 193 at Baskov Lane, just across from his house. By 11 years old he was one of a few in a class of more than 45 pupils who was not yet a member of the Pioneers, largely because of his rowdy behavior. At 12 years of age he started taking sport seriously in the form of sambo and then judo. In his youth, Putin was eager to emulate the intelligence officer characters played on the Soviet screen by actors such as Vyacheslav Tikhonov and Georgiy Zhzhonov.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Prime Minister )〕 He studied German while he attended Saint Petersburg High School 281.〔"(In Tel Aviv, Putin's German Teacher Recalls 'Disciplined' Student )" ((Archive )). ''Haaretz''. March 26, 2014. Retrieved on September 17, 2015.〕 Putin speaks fluent German.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Polyglots and insults: How our European leaders use language )〕 Putin entered the Law Department of the Leningrad State University in 1970, graduating in 1975. His final thesis was titled "The Most Favored Nation Trading Principle in International Law".〔Lynch, Allen. ''(Vladimir Putin and Russian Statecraft )'', p. 15 (Potomac Books 2011).〕 The thesis was plagiarised. While at university he had to join the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and remained a member until the party was dissolved in December 1991.〔Владимир Путин. ''От Первого Лица''. (Chapter 6 )〕 Also at the university he met Anatoly Sobchak who later played an important role in Putin's career. Anatoly Sobchak was at the time an Assistant Professor and lectured Putin's class on Business Law (khozyaystvennoye pravo). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vladimir Putin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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